F.Sc (1st Year) Biology Chapter Wise Chapter No. 7 : Kingdom Protoctista or Protista

F.Sc (1st Year) Biology Chapter Wise Chapter No. 7 : Kingdom Protoctista or Protista

Key Points:

• In this bankruptcy we are able to study differentiate between diatoms and dinoflagellates, 
• What are dinoflagellates or write down  characteristics of dinoflagellates, on what precept protists are grouped collectively,
• Name two plant-like protists organizations, what kind of photosynthetic pigments are determined in Flowers and algae,
• What varieties of pigments are discovered in rhodophyta and chlorophyta,
• Justify that euglenoids are near zooflagellates,
•  Deliver clinical call of plasmodial slime mold.
•  Provide its importance,
•  Deliver characters of oomycotes or what are water molds,
• Write  characters of zooflagellates, or give the examples, 
• Shape and mode of locomotion in zooflagellates or what are zooflagellates, 
• Give  examples each of the subsequent: green algae (chlorophyta), 
• Purple algae (rhodophyta), and brown algae (phaeophyta).

Differentiate among diatoms and dinoflagellates.

The cellular wall of each diatom includes two shells that overlap wherein they match together, similar to a Petri dish. Silica is deposited within the shell, and this glass-like fabric is laid down in tricky (complicated) patterns. Even as dinoflagellates are mainly unicellular. Their cells are often included with shells of interlocking cellulose plates impregnated with silicates.

What are foraminiferans? Deliver their importance.

Those marine protozoans produce shells (or exams). Tests of foraminifera are made from calcium. The shells or tests comprise pores through which cytoplasmic projections can be extended. Those cytoplasmic projections shape a sticky interconnected net that entangles prey. Foraminiferans of the beyond have created good sized limestone deposits.

What are dinoflagellates? Or Write down two traits of dinoflagellates.

Dinoflagellates are mostly unicellular, animal-like protists. Their cells are regularly protected with shells of interlocking cellulose plates impregnated with silicates.

On what precept protists are grouped collectively?

Despite the fact that some have multiple cells, maximum protists are one-celled or unicellular organisms. Those cells have a nucleus and are enclosed by means of a mobile membrane. For this reason, protists are regularly grouped either in the “animal-like protists” institution, “plant-like protists” organization, or the “fungus-like protists” group.

Algae are plant-like protists e.G., Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Ditoms and so on.

What type of photosynthetic pigments are observed in plant life and algae?

Five sorts of chlorophylls occur in plant life other than micro organism—a, b, c, d and e. Out of these simplest  chlorophylls arise within the chloroplasts of better flora, a and b. Similarly to inexperienced chlorophyll a and yellow and orange carotenoids, which might be photosynthetic pigments found in all algae, special algae phyla possess a ramification of different pigments (which includes xanthophylls and phycoerythrin) which can be additionally essential in photosynthesis.

Justify that Euglenoids are near Zooflagellates.

These are small clean water organisms. Based totally on molecular information, euglenoids are notion to be carefully related to zooflagellates. They're plantlike in their pigments. One 1/3 of all genera have chloroplasts, the relaxation do now not. Those which lack chloroplasts ingest or absorb their meals. Euglenoids grown in the absence of mild lose their chloroplasts and turn out to be heterotrophic. Pyrenoids produce carbohydrates.

Write a note on Brown algae.

Brown algae include the giants of the protist kingdom and range from a few centimetres to approximately seventy five meters in duration. All brown algae are multicellular. The biggest brown algae, called the kelps, are difficult and leathery in appearance. They possess leaflike blades, stemlike stipes, and rootlike anchoring holdfast. Brown algae are not unusual in cooler marine waters, in particular alongside rocky coastlines within the intertidal area.

What sorts of pigments are determined in Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta?

Pigments found in Rhodophyta (red algae) are chlorophyll a, carotenes and phycoerythrin at the same time as in Chlorophyta (inexperienced algae) chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenes.

How slime molds reproduce?

For the duration of unfavorable situations, plasmodial slime mould bureaucracy resistant haploid spores by meiosis inside stalked systems referred to as sporangia. While situations end up beneficial once more, spores germinate into biflagellated or amoeboid, reproductive or swarm cells which unite to form diploid zygote. Zygote produces multinucleate plasmodium, every nucleus being diploid.

Provide characters of oomycotes or What are water molds?

Oomycotes (water molds) are close household of the fungi and have a similar structure, but at the moment are regarded as extra historical group. Their cell walls include cellulose, now not chitin. Their hyphae are aseptate (with out cross partitions). Oomycotes include a number of pathogenic organisms, which include downy mold Phytophthora infestans.

What are actinopods.

Those are marine protozoans which produce shells (or tests). Checks of actinopods are made from silica. The shells or assessments contain pores through which cytoplasmic projections can be prolonged. These cytoplasmic projections form a sticky, interconnected net that entangles prey.

What are limestone deposits? How they're shaped?

Foraminiferans of the past have created sizeable limestone deposits. The pyramids of Egypt had been constructed of foraminiferal limestone. Limestone is shaped beneath reasonably deep marine conditions from the gradual accumulation of minute calcite (calcium carbonate) sheils of foraminifera and different organisms (corals).

 What are zooflagellates?

These protists are typically unicellular (some are colonial) organisms with spherical or elongated our bodies, and a unmarried central nucleus. They possess from one to many lengthy, whip-like flagella that enable them to transport. Flagellates flow hastily, pulling themselves ahead with the aid of lashing bendy flagella, that are typically, located at the anterior end. Examples are Trypanosoma, Trichonymphas, choanoflagellates.

What are diatoms? Give their significance.

A unmarried-celled alga which has a cellular wall of silica. Silica is deposited within the shell, and this glasslike fabric is laid down in complicated styles. Diatoms are the major manufacturers in the aquatic (marine and freshwater) ecosystems due to their extraordinarily large numbers. Diatoms are very critical in aquatic meals chains.

Provide  examples each of the subsequent: green algae (Chlorophyta), pink algae (Rhodophyta), and Brown algae (Phaeophyta).

Green algae – Ulva, Chlorella, Acetabularia, Spirogyra, red algae – Chondrus, Polysiphonia, Brown algae – Fucus, Macrocystis.

What form of protists are blanketed in Brown algae?

Brown algae include the giants of the protist kingdom and range from some centimetres to about 75 meters in period.

What are Kelps? Supply their components.

Kelps are the biggest brown algae which might be tough and leathery in look. They own leaflike blades, stemlike stipes, and rootlike anchoring holdfast.

What is the habitat of Brown algae?

Brown algae are common in cooler marine waters, mainly alongside rocky coastlines within the intertidal zone.

What do you recognize about the crimson algae?

They have multicellular frame that is normally composed of complex interwoven (inter-related) filaments that are delicate and feathery. A few purple algae are flattened sheets of cells. Most multicellular pink algae attach to rocks or other substances by means of a basal holdfast. A few crimson algae include calcium carbonate of their cellular walls from the ocean and participate in constructing coral reefs along side coral animals.

What does slime mildew do at some stage in unfavourable and favourable situation?

In the course of adverse conditions, slime mould forms resistant haploid spores with the aid of meiosis inside stalked structures called sporangia. Whilst conditions come to be beneficial again, spores germinate into biflagellated or amoeboid, reproductive or swarm cells which unite to shape diploid zygote. Zygote . Produces multinucleate plasmodium, each nucleus being diploid.

What is Physarum polycephalum?

The plasmodial slime mold, Physarum polycephalum is a model organism that has been used to observe many fundamental organic approaches, including growth and differentiation, cytoplasmic streaming, and the function of cytoskeleton.

What is the feature of cytoplasmic projections in foraminiferans and actinopods?

Those cytoplasmic projections shape a sticky, interconnected internet that entangles prey.

Green algae are considered ancestral organisms of green land flowers. Speak, or Why algae are taken into consideration as ancestral organism of green plant life or Why it is normally prevalent that flora arose from ancestral green algae?

Due to the presence of starch and cellulose cellular wall, it's far normally widespread that vegetation arose from ancestral green algae. Evidence from RNA sequencing also indicates that green algae and the vegetation form a monophyletic lineage.

F.Sc (1st Year) Biology Chapter Wise Chapter No. 7 : Kingdom Protoctista or Protista