Biology F.Sc Part 1st (Helping Notes)Chapter No. 8 : Kingdom Fungi

Biology F.Sc Part 1st (Helping Notes)Chapter No. 8 : Kingdom Fungi

Biology F.Sc Part 1st (Helping Notes)Chapter No. 8  Kingdom Fungi

Key Points:

•  In this chapter we will read name some edible fungi,
•  What is the function of constricting ring, 
• What is economic importance of fungi,
•  Differentiate between fragmentation and budding,
•  What is reindeer moss, 
• Where fungi are used in food industry give two example,
•  What is the importance of aspergillus in food industry,
•  Name 5 antibiotics (drugs) obtained from fungi,
•  What are ringworm and athlete’s foot,
•  What is candidiasis or candidosis, what is aspergillosis,
•  What is histoplasmosis,
•  Discuss sexual reproduction in rhizopus or how does sexual reproduction occur in zygomycota, Name sexual and asexual spores of ascomycetes, 
• What is ergotism how it is caused or give the cause and symptoms of ergotism,
• What types of damages are caused by saprobic fungi,
• What is the importance of mycorrhizae for plants.

What is the characteristic of constricting ring?

A few species of Arthrobotrys entice soil nematodes with the aid of forming a constricting ring, their hyphae invading and digesting the unlucky victim.

What is monetary significance of fungi?

Certain fungi are suitable for eating e.G., mushrooms (e.G., Agaricus sp), morels (e.G., Morchella esculentb), cakes

Certain fungi are utilized in food enterprise e.G., yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).

Some fungi are source of antibiotics and a few other pills e.G., Penicillin is obtained from Penicillium notatum

What is reindeer moss?

Reindeer moss is a lichen that is used as food for reindeers and a few different huge animals in arctic/subarctic/boreal areas.

Where fungi are used in meals enterprise? Give two examples

Positive fungi are used in meals enterprise e.G.

Yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) are used within the production of bread and liquor

Penicillium species are used for yiving flavour, aroma (smell) and characteristic colour to sorne cheese.

What's the importance of Aspergillus in meals enterprise?

A few species of Aspergillus are used for fermenting/generating soy sauce and soy paste from soybean: Citric acid is likewise received from a few snecies Aspergillus species.

What are ringworm and athlete’s foot?

Ringworm and athlete’s foot are superficial fungal infections as a result of sure imperfect fungi.

What's Candidiasis or candidosis?

Candida albicans, a yeast, causes oral and vaginal thrush i.E., candidiasis or condidosis.

What is histoplasmosis?

Histoplasmosis is a serious contamination of lungs due to inhaling spores of a fungus which is common in soil infected with fowl’s faeces if infection spreads into blood flow and then to different organs (which is very occasional), it is able to be critical or even deadly.

What is aspergillosis?

Aspergillus fumigatus reasons aspergillosis, but best in people with defective immune device such as AIDS, and might motive dying.

Why any moldy human meals or animal forage product must be discarded.

A few traces of Aspergillus flavus produce one of the maximum carcinogenic (most cancers-inflicting) mycotoxins (pollutants produced with the aid of fungi) referred to as aflatoxins. Aspergillus contaminates improperly saved grains together with peanuts and corn etc. Milk, eggs and meat may have small lines of aflatoxins. Therefore any moldy human food or animal, forage (feed, hunt) product should be discarded.

What are dikaryotic hyphae?

Those are setate hyphae which have  nuclei in keeping with cellular.

Talk sexual replica in Rhizopus or How does sexual replica arise in zygomycota?

Throughout their sexual replica, zygote fashioned immediately by using the fusion of hyphae. Zygote forms transient, dormant, thick walled resistant structure known as zygospore, hence the name Zygomycetes. Meiosis takes place whilst zygospore germinates and haploid spores are produced. Spores on germination produce new mycelium.

Call sexual and asexual spores of Ascomycetes.

Basically Ascomycetes reproduce asexually by means of budding and sexually by way of forming asci/ascospores.

Write  land diversifications in fungi.

Tremendous device of sizable system of fast-spreading hyphae penetrate the substrate and notably boom the contact and surface place for absorption.

Hyphae may be changed in such a way as to permit them to reproduce themselves with out relying on external water.

What do you realize about multicellular reducers?

Fungi are referred to as multicellular reducers / decomposers. They play important function in the recycling of inorganic nutrients. (C, N, P, O, H, and so on.) in the surroundings. Fungi are the primary decomposers of cellulose and lignin, the primary additives of plant cellular walls.

What's ergotism? How it's miles precipitated? Or deliver the purpose and signs and symptoms of ergotism.

Ergotism is a disease resulting from ingesting bread made froin purple ergot contaminated rye flour. The toxic cloth within the ergot reasons fearful spasm (tremor, contraction), convulsion (match, spasm), Psychotic myth (phantasm) or even gangrene.

What kinds of damages are due to saprobic fungi?

Saprobic fungi cause incalculable damage to meals, wood, fibre, and leather by way of decomposing them. 15-50% of global’s fruit is lost each year because of fungal assault. Timber-rotting fungi smash no longer best residing trees however also structural timber. Bracket/shelf fungi motive lot of harm to saved reduce lumber in addition to stands of wood of living bushes.

What's the importance of mycorrhizae for vegetation?

The fungal hyphae dramatically increase the amount of soil touch and general surface region for absorption and help within the direct absorption of phosphorus, zinc, copper and different nutrients from the soil into the roots. Such plants show better growth than those without this association.

What is budding?

It's miles the sort of asexual duplicate wherein an out increase known as bud is formed which may be internal or outside. On maturation it could emerge as separated from the primary body and may end up a brand new character

What is fungus?

Fungi are heterotrophs which can be composed of thread like structures referred to as hyphae. Their cellular walls have chitin in preference to cellulose. Additionally they lack centrioles.

Supply functions of Zygomycota.

In the course of their sexual reproduction, zygote formed at once by the fusion of hyphae, paperwork brief, dormant, thick walled resistant structure referred to as zygospore, subsequently the name Zygomycetes.

What's nuclear mitosis?

For the duration of nuclear mitosis, nuclear envelope does now not break rather the mitotic spindle bureaucracy within the nucleus and the nuclear membrane constricts. Between the 2 clusters of daughter chromosomes.

What's Armillaria?

A round identical to Armillaria, developing out from a critical attention, has been measured up to 15 hectares (1 hectare = ten thousand m2). Armillaria is a pathogenic fungus afflicting conifers.

How spores are different from conidia?

Conidia are non-motile, asexual spores which can be formed on the recommendations of modified hyphae known as conidiophores. They may be now not determined inside the sporangia, however usually in the shape of chains or clusters whilst spores are haploid, non-motile and produced in very big quantity inside sporangia.

Write  advantages of every of algae and fungi.

A few algae together with keips are edible and may be used to conquer shortage of meals within the international

Marine algae also are supply of many usefui substance like algin, agar, carrageenan, and antiseptics.